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It is my understanding that the feed-point impedance ($Z_a$) of an end-fed half-wave antenna is dependent on at least the following factors:

  • $L_a$: The length of the radiating element of the antenna.
  • $D_a$: The diameter of the radiating element of the antenna.
  • Environment surrounding the antenna.

It it also my understanding that such an antenna is not actually resonant (Meaning the impedance is purely resistive) when $L_a = 0.5\lambda$, but rather something a tad smaller. A common number I've seen thrown around is ~$0.41\lambda$, but different sources seem to have slightly different values.

My general question is, assuming the antenna is radiating in free-space, what is the theoretical mathematical relationship between $L_a$, $D_a$, and $Z_a$?

More specifically, I'd like to know how to calculate two things:

  • For a given $D_a$, what value of $L_a$ (when $L_a \le 0.5\lambda)$ would give me a real (purely resistive) $Z_a$ in free-space?
  • For a given $L_a$ and $D_a$ (or when those variables are constrained so that $Z_a$ is always real), what is the exact value of $Z_a$ in free-space?

Bonus points for elaborating on how these values are related in practical, non-free-space environments.

I have seen many confusing estimations for $Z_a$, ranging between 1800Ω and 5000Ω, which is a huge range. I want to better understand what factors are involved and how to mathematically calculate the value under ideal circumstances.

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    $\begingroup$ Possible duplicate of Antenna Impedance calculation for low frequency $\endgroup$ – Phil Frost - W8II Jan 17 '17 at 13:20
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    $\begingroup$ @PhilFrost-W8II I just closed and merged the other question to this question, because this one seemed better as a canonical question. You may wish to revise your now-two answers. $\endgroup$ – Kevin Reid AG6YO♦ Jan 18 '17 at 16:51
  • $\begingroup$ To add to answers and questions. I have built Radio, TV and GSM companies in my time. I was a Radio Ham since about 1984 to about 1995... Antenna calculations in theory work fine, but this is one area that theory does not work in practice - therefore a certain degree of 'tweaking' is required at every installation. Impedance is highly co-relative to frequency and humidity levels. This may not be an accurate answer to your question, directly, but now you know why, simply, that antenna calculations are complex. $\endgroup$ – Mr. de Silva Mar 31 '18 at 15:58
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It's very difficult to predict the impedance of an end-fed wire, other than to say it's high. Usually it's determined empirically.

You are looking for a theoretical formulation. Consider, the feedpoint is a voltage source which makes a difference in electric potential between to things. The end of the dipole, and...what?

schematic

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

Maybe you could imagine the feedpoint connected to a theoretical shell of infinite radius, similar to how self-capacitance is calculated? I'd guess the result depends strongly on the geometry of the wire, but generally the thicker the wire, the lower the impedance. I don't know of what practical value this model would be since any real antenna has at least a feedline and a ground/aircraft/spacetraft nearby which would be more significant.

You can also calculate the impedance of an off-center fed dipole, very close to the end. You'll notice the limit of that function as the feedpoint approaches the end is infinity. This is of course an approximation assuming the dipole is relatively thin, and that the capacitance to the other half of the dipole is the most relevant factor.

So if there isn't another half of the dipole, what is the relevant factor? In practice it's going to be the ground, and the feedline. Neither is amenable to a simple expression. Simulation of your particular installation is your best bet.

We can make some generalizations though:

An end-fed dipole is resonant (or not) just like a more ordinary center-fed dipole. The feedpoint (in the middle, near the end, or somewhere between) is transparent to the resonance of the wire.

An exactly half-wave dipole isn't resonant in the sense that its feedpoint impedance has a reactive component. Theoretically, (73 + j42.5)Ω.

When the dipole is too short, its reactance will be capacitive. When it's too long, inductive. Since the exactly half-wave dipole has a slightly inductive reactance, shortening it can eliminate the reactance. The exact amount of shortening depends on the thickness of the wire. 0.41λ sounds like a reasonable estimate.

The feedpoint impedances repeat with every wavelength of length. That is, in terms of feedpoint impedance, 0.5λ, 1.5λ, 2.5λ, ... dipoles all look the same.

As the dipole becomes thicker, its bandwidth increases. That means for an equal change in length, the impedance of a thicker dipole will change less than a thinner dipole.

Since the impedance must repeat with every wavelength, this also means that the highest impedance (for example, at the ends of a half-wave dipole) is lower with a thicker wire.

Finally, a practical point: since the impedance at the end of a dipole is very high, the common-mode impedance looks relatively low. Successfully making an end-fed dipole then depends on very effective choking (a very high common-mode impedance), which is difficult to realize in practice. If the choking isn't very effective (meaning, the common mode impedance isn't much higher than the differential mode), then making the choking more effective will increase the impedance seen by the transmitter.

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  1. Wikipedia: Monopole Antenna

    The monopole always has another set of conductors to which the second wire from source is connected.

    This second coundutor may be earth, or a metal object commonly known as "ground plane". The ground plane turns the monopole into a virtual dipole with length each limb of virtual dipole equal to length of monopole. Thus the half wave monopole's virtual dipole is a full wave dipole.

    The impedance of monopole is half of its virtual dipole's impedance. For example a quarterwave monopole with ground planehas impedance of 36 ohms, which is half of 75 ohms, the impedance of its virtual dipole, the halfwave dipole.

  2. Wikipedia: Dipole Antenna

    The impedance of a dipole varies very sharply when its length is fullwave. The equivalen monopole is half of its length, so monopole's impedance varies very sharply when its length is halfwave. The best way is to use simulation software to determine impedance (R and X). A plot of R & X vs length by sweep can give the point where you can get desired values.

  3. If you want to use formula to determine impedance, please see this book: ANTENNA THEORY - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN By Constantine A. Balanis Chapter 8: Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances

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  • $\begingroup$ Good points above about the impedance varying a bit. It's important to note the Wikipedia dipole article incorrectly labels things like a full-wave wire as a dipole despite this notion violating the definition of a dipole. $\endgroup$ – JSH Jun 14 '19 at 17:10
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Model the 1/2 wave center fed antenna using the wire size, altitude, and all location attributes to determine the center fed impedance.

divide 600 by the 73 ohms or whatever you calculate the center fed impedance to be then multiply the answer by 600 --- you're home.

Example: $600/73 = 8.22 \times 600 = 4900$ ohms.

This is the original and correct quarter wave transform using 600 ohms to represent the surge impedance of a single wire. Earlier I edited the 600 ohm value to 380 ohms in error because some of the CAD antenna design tools apparently used approximately 380 ohms.

Using repeatable measurements, the Surge impedance of a single wire verifies that the impedance of a wire unmolested by external sources will be approximately 600 ohms and will vary less with wire diameter than previously thought.

The measurement can be done at the feed point of an open wire and verified with termination value.

The equation used to determine the surge impedance of a single wire is

$$ Z = 138 \log\left(\frac{4L}{d}\right) $$

where $L$ is the length of the wire and $d$ is the diameter of the wire — same units; In space.

INFORMATION ADDED FOR CLARITY:

The following url represents a circuit that can be used to measure the surge impedance and velocity factor of a single wire or transmission line. It is a variable voltage divider, adjustable from 50 to 1050 ohms.

http://www.k9axn.com/attachments/Finished_3_jpg_final.jpg

The following url represents the measurement of the surge impedance and velocity factor of a 54 foot length of #14 wire.

http://k9axn.com/attachments/Single_wire_4.AVI

Important to note: The two timing lines from the rise to 115ns represent an approximately 4 volt @ .007A wave entering the wire. The wave will have reached the end of the wire at mid point, then return during the second half where you see the voltage rise to 8 volts and current cease.

The rise and fall times are a result of instrument limitations. Surge current behaves as purely resistive, much like the impedance of space. It is used to calculate the radiation resistance of an antenna and is largely unaffected by proximity to the ground.

END OF INFORMATION ADDED FOR CLARITY

enter image description here

The above Image represents the measurement of the Surge impedance and velocity factor of a single wire. It can be used to measure the Surge impedance and velocity factor in coax, twin lead or any antenna wire.

The surge impedance of a single conductor or transmission line is essentially composed of two primary notions, the impedance of space 377 ohms and the energy used to accelerate electrons. Be mindful that the electrons in a 1 KW 14MHz transmission line or antenna will remain within approximately 1/10,000 of an inch from where they started. This can be visualized using a Newton's cradle.

With that information it becomes clear that the opinions regarding end fed antennas are wanting: The impedance at the feed point is not infinite and is easily calculated. The reflected waves/current that flow within an antenna when reaching an end are wholly reflected.

The next edit will consist of a cycle by cycle narrative of the measurements and events as the antenna is spooled up.

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  • $\begingroup$ The formula for the surge impedance of a wire parallel with the earth is here, the top equation. You might want to copy that .gif image from there into your answer. $\endgroup$ – Mike Waters♦ Dec 16 '17 at 23:37
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    $\begingroup$ Mike, thanks for the suggestion to add the equation. I had trouble copying the equation so wrote it. $\endgroup$ – K9AXN Dec 17 '17 at 1:05
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    $\begingroup$ Mike, I couldn't shrink the gif image --- thanks again $\endgroup$ – K9AXN Dec 17 '17 at 3:42
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    $\begingroup$ Yes there is a measurable surge impedance of a single wire and is approximately 600 ohms. An important point is all power that enters an antenna passes through the surge impedance of the wire. A perfect analogy would be a parallel tuned circuit. The L and C values are 600 ohms and there is a 72 ohm resistor representing radiation resistance. The feed point is the top of the tuned circuit and the bottom is grounded which is the responsibility of the source, I will enter a complete explanation on my web site --- the comment length has a limit here. url will follow when finished. $\endgroup$ – K9AXN Dec 17 '17 at 16:50
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    $\begingroup$ @K9AXN When you have information to add, you should edit your answer, not leave long comments or put the information elsewhere. $\endgroup$ – Kevin Reid AG6YO♦ Dec 18 '17 at 21:54
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Any "realistic" end fed wire antenna has a counterpoise which may merely be the ground or actual wire conductors on the ground or some variation.

The best way to determine R,X of the feed point (assuming that is what you want) is to compute them using NEC2. NEC2 is very easy to use and computing the R,X input is also very easy to do as it is one of the regular (always printed) outputs for the execution.

There are lots of resources in the Internet available via Google search to learn how to set up the geometry input specification for your antenna and running a solution given a specified frequency. If you want runs at multiple frequencies you can do a frequency sweep execution (starting frequency plus delta increment add-on frequency).

NEC4 is the licensed version which is newer and more accurate. And, I mention in this particular case in that it is more accurate for ground models and ground level wire conductors for the counterpoise. Depending on your antenna geometry and the design of the counterpose, the difference between NEC2 and NEC4 can be significant.

P.S. I use end fed antennas quite a bit for my portable ops which are always QRP which means that to make contacts, the antenna needs to work, and they do work. Typically, I throw a wire up over a branch of a tree (with the help of a sling shot to throw fishing line over the branch first). This wire is hooked directly to the enter conductor of the PL-259 I use to hook up to my rig (KX3). The ground wire counterpoise is just a conductor laying on the ground and tied to shield conductor of the PL-259. I actually made a PL-259 with ready to connect wires that make this task easy. The wires are about 60 feet or so long but I have operated with shorter wires too. The auto-tuner on the Elecraft KX3 has a wide mismatch tuning range.

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  • $\begingroup$ This is correct for quarter wave antennas. But a half wave antenna doesn't need a counterpoise, end fed or not. It might need a loading coil for impedance matching through. $\endgroup$ – user10489 Mar 3 at 5:55
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Below is a more elaborate analysis of an EFHW, with a length of vertical coaxial cable attached at its feedpoint. It includes the effects of radiation from the "unchoked" r-f current that could flow along the outer surface of the outer conductor of the coaxial cable.

Other details are shown in the Comment block at the lower left section of the graphic.

wit

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Below is a graphic showing the free space radiation pattern envelope and input Z of an end-fed, 1/2-wave (EFHW) antenna, for the other conditions shown there.

The radiation pattern maximum field is centered on the physical center of the antenna, but the pattern in this graphic was shifted to the left so as better to show the nulls off the ends of the antenna.

NOTE: Antennas and transmitters both are two-terminal devices, and will supply/radiate almost no energy if only one of their terminals is connected. The short, so-called counterpoise conductor of an "end-fed" antenna in reality means that this configuration is an off-center-fed dipole, as stated in the graphic.

enter image description here

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  • $\begingroup$ Great simulation. You are correctly showing that the impedance of an off-centre fed dipole tends to infinity as the feedpoint moves to the end. Although the OP didn't draw it, I suggest that the end fed halfwave antenna is really a half wave of wire, feedpoint, and then a long piece of wire (the coax), all collinear. Can you add a simulation of that and show Z over frequency? $\endgroup$ – tomnexus Dec 19 '17 at 4:54
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There are EFHW antenna designs that have a so called short section 'Counter Poise' (CP) used as the return (or second) connection for the feed line to the antenna.

The CP is however the second element of the EFHW with its total length being the sum of both element lengths. The EFHW can therefore logicaly be viewed as an Off Center Fed Half Wave (OCFD) antenna).

As expected, initial attemtps of modeling an EFHW (without a CP) with EZNEC produced feed point impedances tending to infinity.

BUT when treating the antenna as an OCFD and varying the feed point, meaningful results become possible and a feed point ~13 % from the end of the antenna was found to provide a near perfect match to a 9:1 (50 to 450 Ohm) balun as shown below for a 40 m antenna.

Resultant matching

Further work shall be done to see how the antenna interacts with support poles.

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  • $\begingroup$ Hello and welcome to ham.stackexchange.com! Your post is relevant and interesting, but it doesn't answer the question. We're particular about our question-and-answer format, which has its advantages. I'm glad you're here though, and I hope you stick around and answer other questions, or ask some of your own! $\endgroup$ – rclocher3 Mar 3 at 2:37

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