# SSB demodulation

I was building the superhet receiver for ham radio. But I seem to have got stuck at the demodulation stage.

As an example:

Suppose the person is transmitting SSB signal (20m band) at 14.250 MHz carrier frequency.

Let the speech signal occupy 1KHz bandwidth.

So the RF signal using Upper Side Band is 14.251 MHz.

I take intermediate frequency of 455 KHz.

So my Local oscillator is set to 14.251 + 0.455 = 14.706 MHz.

Now at the demodulator, the 455 KHz wave is needed to be demodulated. For this particular example, the oscillator frequency I need to inject in demodulator is 456 KHz (to recover 1 KHz speech).

Firstly, am I going wrong somewhere till now?

Secondly, in real situation, I would not be knowing this much information. The only thing I would be knowing is that my Mixer oscillator is set to 14.706 MHz. So the Rf freq must be 14.251 MHz. Now here is the problem:

This 14.251 MHz could be a 14.250 MHz carrier with 1 KHZ sideband or it can be a 14.249 MHz carrier with 2 KHz sideband or any other pair of values. So how do I demodulate?

In other words, how do I know what frequency to inject in the demodulator? Do I just keep tuning the oscillator attached to the demodulator until the combination is struck?

If yes, then wouldn't finding any random person over this wide range of band quite painful; First you set the Mixer oscillator to some value and then you keep tuning the demodulating oscillator over the entire 3 or 4 KHz bandwidth until you find someone?

To understand better, I'd suggest you follow this:

1) If you have an AM transmitter at 10.000 MHz (let's use simple numbers). If someone whistles in the microphone, at, say, 1kHz, two sidebands will appear, at 9.999MHz and 10.001 MHz (and a carrier at 10.000MHz).

2) If you convert the AM tx into USB, and transmit at 10.000 MHz, the whistler will appear at 10.001 MHz (only).

3) If you want to hear the whistle at 1kHz, you will have to insert a carrier at 10.000 MHz again. Any other frequency will change the tone of the whistle. (This is how direct conversion works).

4) So, if you IF is 0.5 MHz (again simple numbers), your tuning oscillator should be 9.500 MHz, resulting in the whistler being at 0.501 MHz. You would then need a carrier inserted at 0.500 MHz to get the whistle correct.

5) The voice passband should ideally be around 0.3 to 2.5 kHz, so you IF filter should pass from 0.5003 to 0.5025 MHz.

This is not overly complicated - in a superhet receiver, you will have a carrier oscillator at 0.500MHz, a tuning oscillator which varies in the range 0.5 MHz below the desired band, and the filter as described in 5).

And yes, tuning SSB is not easy - you have to be at less than 100 Hz (!) of the correct frequency to have an enjoyable voice reception. The problem isn't so much with a one-note whistler, but if (s)he whistles a melody, all notes will be off, making it sound very strange.

Note that 'demodulating' SSB is just mixing frequencies, just like mixing from 10.000 to 0.500 MHz - an SSB demodulator is just a mixer.

• Ok. I think i got confused before. I had thought that IF filter would only pass 1 frequency and that i needed to vary carrier frequency. But it's other way round i guess. IF filter would pass voice band and there is always one carrier frequency to inject. Right ? – Plutonium smuggler Jul 7 '14 at 0:50
• Yes, correct. The IF filter must be designed to pass the entire audio band - which is a bit tricky at 455 kHz with crystal filters. Normally, SSB filters are at higher frequencies, say above 3-4 MHz, for technical reasons (design characteristics of the crystals). That said, have a look at using your computer as filter. There are nice tricks to use even the sound card for digital filtering. No costly filters necessary. – jcoppens Jul 7 '14 at 13:51
• Another thing I would like to ask is, instead of using a bandpass filter for IF can I simply use a Low pass filter of say 0.505 MHz ? – Plutonium smuggler Jul 9 '14 at 12:58

I would suggest looking at a couple of sites:

http://users.tpg.com.au/users/ldbutler/Superhet.htm

• Looking at Figure 4 on this second site shows that the RF front end and the local oscillator have a ganged tuning capacitor. The difference in frequency between the two circuits is equal to the IF. Without that front-end selectivity, the mixer would be producing multiples of every signal arriving at the antenna, at equal levels.

At the IF stage, you can decide on the selectivity by adding band-pass circuits (e.g. 3kHz for SSB and 500Hz for CW).

For SSB demodulation, you also need to inject a carrier with another oscillator (the Beat Frequency Oscillator). There's another useful description and diagram on this page:

http://www.9h1mrl.org/ukrae/arc_cd/full/html/c5-1-2.htm

Going back to your example, your demodulator will always be set to the IF of 455kHz, and does not need to vary. The output of the demodulator is audio/speech/morse code/etc.

• But i still did not understand how would the frequency of carrier in demodulator be chosen. Can you please explain that ? – Plutonium smuggler Jul 6 '14 at 13:44

An image might help.

You begin with your baseband signal, some voice going from (almost) 0 Hz up to 1 kHz.

Next, when this is AM modulated at 14.250 MHz, we get a carrier at that frequency, then two sidebands above and below it that are just like the baseband signal.

But, this is USB, so the carrier and the lower sideband have been removed (somehow) by the transmitter. So really, all we have is the baseband signal, shifted up by 14.250 MHz. Our goal is now to shift it back down. However, remember where the carrier was. Where the carrier was corresponds to what we want to eventually be 0 Hz when we demodulate the signal.

So, you mix this with an LO at 14.706 MHz. You can think of this as AM again, only the sidebands are very much more spread apart. The result is the last figure.

The "carrier" frequency of the signal, the part that we eventually want to land at 0 Hz, is now at

$$| f_1 - f_2 | = |14250 - 14706| = 456 \mathrm{kHz}$$

The upper end, which eventually should end up at 1 kHz, is at

$$| f_1 - f_2 | = |14251 - 14706| = 455 \mathrm{kHz}$$

Usually at this point, after going through the IF filters, you would mix again with a 456 kHz BFO, and that will take the lower sideband you generated in the first mixing stage and convert it back down to baseband.

The audio bandwidth (you specified 1 kHz in your example) isn't really relevant, except to the filtering you do. If the audio bandwidth had been 4 kHz, then the BFO would still be at 456 kHz. The only difference is that the image you generated in the first mixing step would extend farther down, and you'd want a wider filter to accommodate that.