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The concept of antenna gain is pretty important for calculation of link budget and is something I've had contact with. I know that it tells me how focused the waves emitted by the antenna are and I know how to read antenna gain charts.

What I don't know is how to calculate antenna gain for a given antenna.

So what are the general steps required in order to calculate antenna gain?

If it matters, I'd like to calculate gain of a J-pole antenna, but I'd like to keep this question general, if possible.

UPDATE: Just to be clear, what I really want to know is how to actually do the calculations, not just how to use already calculated results. I do expect the "perfect" answer to be extremely long and complicated. Because of that, I'm willing to accept answers which list the necessary steps and provide information in which direction I should do research next for the required steps.

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So what are the general steps required in order to calculate antenna gain?

In the general case, calculating the gain requires solving Maxwell's equations, for whatever antenna geometry you have.

It's exceptionally hard, and no one does it without the assistance of a computer, except for very simple antennas, such as dipoles. For these simple antennas, you can find the solutions at places like antenna-theory.com.

For arbitrary antennas, the solution usually involves breaking the antenna into a large number of smaller conducting elements connected together, then using the boundary element method to solve the underlying equations. A number of popular implementations are based on NEC.

Gain can also be determined empirically. In practice, this is how it's frequently done, because it is more accurate. The antenna is placed in an anechoic chamber and fed with a known power. A field strength meter is then moved around the antenna, and these readings compared to the theoretical field strength at the same distance of an isotropic radiator. The ratio of these is the antenna gain.

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Interestingly, while in an ideal world a J-Pole will perform exactly like a half-wave dipole (as it is one), in reality the configuration of your build makes gain incredibly difficult to calculate.

This great page at w8ji.com shows field charts for J-Poles with small differences in build where the low angle gain can vary by 5dB. They do state though:

None of this means the J-pole won't work, have a low SWR, and make contacts. It simply shows the pattern is unpredictable because the feedline, mast, and grounding significantly affects performance.

So you should work under the assumption that your J-Pole will be not quite as good as a half-wave dipole and go with that.

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  • $\begingroup$ I'll give you +1 for the effort, but what I actually wanted to know is how are those plots from the article you linked to made. $\endgroup$
    – AndrejaKo
    Feb 24, 2014 at 11:05
  • $\begingroup$ Ahh - if you just want to make those plots, the tool used (which seems to be pretty much the standard) is EZNEC. eznec.com - it's $89 but it works amazingly well. You just pop in the info you have $\endgroup$
    – Rory Alsop
    Feb 24, 2014 at 11:13
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Calculating the gain is very complicated as it usually involves solving differential equations there are software packages that can do that for you. I personally use 4nec2 http://www.qsl.net/4nec2/

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